Buraq on a reproduction of a 17th-century Mughalminiature
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The Burāq (Arabic: الْبُرَاقal-Burāq or /ælˈbɔːræk/ 'lightning'; various meanings: 'beaming, bright, brilliant, dazzling, flashing, gleaming, glimmering, shimmering, glistening, glittering, lustrous, radiant, refulgent, resplendent, shining, shiny, sparkling') is a creature in Islamic tradition that was said to be a transport for certain prophets.
Most notably hadith accounts about the Isra and Mi'raj recounts that the Buraq carried the Islamic prophetMuhammad from Mecca to Jerusalem[1]
Etymology[edit]
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, referring to Al-Damiri's writings, considers Buraq to be a derivative and adjective of Arabic: برق barq 'lightning/ emitted lightning' or various general meanings stemming from the verb: 'to beam, flash, gleam, glimmer, glisten, glitter, radiate, shimmer, shine, sparkle, twinkle'.[2]
According to Encyclopædia Iranica, 'Boraq' is the Arabized form of 'Middle Persian *barāg or *bārag, 'a riding beast, mount' (New Pers.bāra)'.[3]
Description[edit]
Although the Hadith do not explicitly refer to the Buraq as having a human face, Near East and Persian art almost always portrays it so - a portrayal that found its way into Indian and Persian Islamic art. This may have originated from an interpretation of the creature being described with a 'beautiful face' as the face being human instead of bestial.
An excerpt from a translation of Sahih al-Bukhari describes Buraq:
Then a white animal which was smaller than a mule and bigger than a donkey was brought to me ... The animal's step (was so wide that it) reached the farthest point within the reach of the animal's sight.
— Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari[4]
Another excerpt describes the Buraq in greater detail:
Then he [Gabriel] brought the Buraq, handsome-faced and bridled, a tall, white beast, bigger than the donkey but smaller than the mule. He could place his hooves at the farthest boundary of his gaze. He had long ears. Whenever he faced a mountain his hind legs would extend, and whenever he went downhill his front legs would extend. He had two wings on his thighs which lent strength to his legs.
He bucked when Muhammad came to mount him. The angelGabriel put his hand on his mane and said: 'Are you not ashamed, O Buraq? By Allah, no-one has ridden you in all creation more dear to Allah than he is.' Hearing this he was so ashamed that he sweated until he became soaked, and he stood still so that the Prophet mounted him.[5][full citation needed]
In the earlier descriptions there is no agreement as to the sex of the Buraq. It is typically male, yet Ibn Sa'd has Gabriel address the creature as a female, and it was often rendered by painters with a woman's head.[6] The idea that 'al-Buraq' is simply a divine mare is also noted in the book The Dome of the Rock,[7] in the chapter 'The Open Court', and in the title-page vignette of Georg Ebers's Palestine in Picture and Word.
Journey to the Seventh Heaven[edit]
Muhammad ascends to heaven (mi'raj) in a Persian miniature
According to Islamic tradition, the Night Journey took place ten years after Muhammad became a prophet, during the 7th century. Muhammad had been in Mecca, at his cousin's home (the house of Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), when he went to al-Masjid al-Haram (Al-Haram Mosque). While he was resting at the Kaaba, Gabriel appeared to him bringing the Buraq, which carried Muhammad in the archangel's company, to al-Masjid al-Aqsaʼ,[Quran17:1] traditionally held to be the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.[note 1]
At this location, he alighted from the Buraq, prayed on the site of the Holy Temple (Bayt Al-Maqdis), and then mounted it again as the creature ascended to the seven heavens where he met Adam, Jesus and his cousin John the Baptist, Joseph, EnochAaron, Moses and Abraham one by one until he reached the throne of God. God communicated with him giving him words and instructions, most importantly the commandment to Muslims to offer prayers, initially fifty times a day. At the urging of Moses, Muhammad returned to God several times before eventually reducing the number to five. [9]
Abraham[edit]
According to Ibn Ishaq, the Buraq transported Abraham when he visited Hagar and Ishmael. Tradition states that Abraham lived with Sarah in Palestine but the Buraq would transport him in the morning to Mecca to see his family there and take him back in the evening.[10]
Western Wall[edit]
A unique Buraq[11] sculpture of MindanaonMuslims in the Philippines. The sculpture is accompanied with indigenous okir motif.
Various scholars and writers, such as ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, and Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, have suggested places where Buraq was supposedly tethered in stories, mostly locations near the southwest corner of the Haram.[12] However, for several centuries the preferred location has been the al-Buraq Mosque, just inside the wall at the south end of the Western Wall Plaza.[12] The mosque sits above an ancient passageway that once came out through the long-sealed Barclay's Gate whose huge lintel remains visible below the Maghrebi gate.[12] Because of the proximity to the Western Wall, the area next to the wall has been associated with Buraq at least since the 19th century.[13]
![Blank Blank](/uploads/1/2/6/2/126256166/355365570.jpg)
When a British Jew asked the Egyptian authorities in 1840 for permission to re-pave the ground in front of the Western Wall, the governor of Syria wrote:
It is evident from the copy of the record of the deliberations of the Consultative Council in Jerusalem that the place the Jews asked for permission to pave adjoins the wall of the Haram al-Sharif and also the spot where the Buraq was tethered, and is included in the endowment charter of Abu Madyan, may God bless his memory; that the Jews never carried out any repairs in that place in the past. ... Therefore the Jews must not be enabled to pave the place.[13]
Carl Sandreczki, charged with compiling a list of place names for Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem in 1865, reported that the street leading to the Western Wall, including the part alongside the wall, belonged to the Hosh (court/enclosure) of al Burâk, 'not Obrâk, nor Obrat'.[14] In 1866, the Prussian Consul and OrientalistGeorg Rosen wrote: 'The Arabs call Obrâk the entire length of the wall at the wailing place of the Jews, southwards down to the house of Abu Su'ud and northwards up to the substructure of the Mechkemeh [Shariah court]. Obrâk is not, as was formerly claimed, a corruption of the word Ibri (Hebrews), but simply the neo-Arabic pronunciation of Bōrâk, ... which, whilst (Muhammad) was at prayer at the holy rock, is said to have been tethered by him inside the wall location mentioned above.'[15]
The name Hosh al Buraq appeared on the maps of Wilson's 1865 survey, its revised editions in 1876 and 1900, and other maps in the early 20th century.[16] In 1922, the official Pro-Jerusalem Council specified it as a street name.[17]
The Buraq Wall (circled in orange) facing the Al-Buraq Mosque
The association of the Western Wall area with Buraq has played an important role in disputes over the holy places since the British mandate.[18]
For Muslims, the Wailing Wall (formerly Western Wall) is known as 'al-Ḥā’iṭu ’l-Burāq' (Arabic: الْحَائِطُ ٱلْبُرَاق) - 'the Buraq Wall', for on the other side (the Muslim side of the Wailing Wall on the Temple Mount) is where Muhammad tied the Buraq, the riding animal upon which he rode during the Night of Ascension (Arabic: Mi‘rāj - مِعْرَاج). The wall links to the structure of the Al-Buraq Mosque.
The Buraq is identical and associated with other mythical creatures like the Philippine Sarimanok, the Persian Simurgh and the Hindu/ Buddhist Garuda.
Cultural impact[edit]
- In Turkey, Burak is a common male name.
- Two airlines have been named after Buraq: Buraq Air of Libya, and the former Bouraq Indonesia Airlines of Indonesia (closed in 2006).
- 'el-Borak' is a pirate in Rafael Sabatini's novel The Sea Hawk; 'El Borak' is a character in short stories by Robert E. Howard. Both are named for their speed and reflexes.
- Pakistan's NESCOM Burraq was named after Buraq.
- Aceh, Indonesia, has adopted the image of Buraq rampant on the proposed official seal of the province's government.[19]
- Iran'sBoraghAPC is named after it.
- A Malaysian petrol company is named Buraq Oil.[20]
See also[edit]
- Lamassu (similar winged bull creature)
Notes[edit]
- ^According to historian Oleg Grabar, 'It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al-haram al-sharif (literally, the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure, often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram). While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility. Before the Ottomans, the space was usually called al-masjid al-aqsa (the Farthest Mosque), a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram, or masjid bayt al-maqdis (Mosque of the Holy City) or, even, like Mecca's sanctuary, al-masjid al-ḥarâm,'[8]
References[edit]
- ^book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oJmTOQQDxiQC&pg=PA48 |accessdate=25 October 2015 |page=48 |title=Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns |first=Brooke Olson |last=Vuckovic |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135885243 |year=2004}}
- ^Gruber, Christane J., 'al-Burāq', in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 14 April 2018 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24366>
- ^Hadith v. as Influenced by Iranian Ideas and Practices at Encyclopædia Iranica
- ^Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:58:227[dead link]
- ^Muhammad al-Alawi al-Maliki, al-Anwar al Bahiyya min Isra wa l-Mi'raj Khayr al-Bariyyah
- ^T.W. Arnold (1965). Painting in Islam(PDF). p. 118.
- ^Grabar, Oleg (30 October 2006). The Dome of the Rock. Belknap Press. p. 214. ISBN978-0674023130.
- ^Grabar 2000, p. 203.
- ^Sullivan, Leah. 'Jerusalem: The Three Religions of the Temple Mount'(PDF). stanford.edu. Archived from the original(PDF) on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
- ^Firestone, Reuven (1990). Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis. SUNY Press. p. 117. ISBN978-0-7914-0331-0. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^'Buraq (Mindanao, Philippines)'. 10 November 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ abcElad, Amikam (1995). Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage. BRILL. pp. 101–2. ISBN978-90-04-10010-7.
- ^ abF. E. Peters (1985). Jerusalem. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 541–542.. Arabic text in A. L. Tibawi (1978). The Islamic Pious Foundations in Jerusalem. London: The Islamic Cultural Centre. Appendix III.
- ^Carl Sandrecki (1865). Account of a Survey of the City of Jerusalem made in order to ascertain the names of streets etc. Day IV. reproduced in Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E. (1865). Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem (Facsimile ed.). Ariel Publishing House (published 1980). Appendix.
- ^G. Rosen (1866). Das Haram von Jerusalem und der Tempelplatz des Moria (in German). Gotha. pp. 9–10.
Die ganze Mauerstrecke am Klageplatz der Juden bis südlich an die Wohnung des Abu Su'ud und nördlich an die Substructionen der Mechkemeh wird von den Arabern Obrâk genannt, nicht, wie früher behauptet worden, eine Corruption des Wortes Ibri (Hebräer), sondern einfach die neu-arabische Aussprache von Bōrâk, [dem Namen des geflügelten Wunderrosses,] welches [den Muhammed vor seiner Auffahrt durch die sieben Himmel nach Jerusalem trug] und von ihm während seines Gebetes am heiligen Felsen im Innern der angegebenen Mauerstelle angebunden worden sein soll.
- ^Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E. (1865). Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem (Facsimile ed.). Ariel Publishing House (published 1980). maps.Wilson 1876Archived 9 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine; Wilson 1900Archived 16 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine; August Kümmel 1904Archived 16 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine; Karl Baedeker 1912; George Adam Smith 1915.
- ^Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society (1924). C. R. Ashby (ed.). Jerusalem 1920-1922. London: John Murray. p. 27.
- ^Halkin, Hillel (12 January 2001). ''Western Wall' or 'Wailing Wall'?'. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
- ^Singa dan Burak menghiasi lambang Aceh dalam rancangan Qanun (Lion and Buraq decorate the coat of arms of Aceh in the Draft Regulation) Atjeh Post, 19 November 2012.
- ^'About Company'. Buraq Oil. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buraq. |
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buraq&oldid=900098726'
(Redirected from Sovremenny class destroyer)
Class overview | |
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Name: | Sovremenny class |
Builders: | Zhdanov Shipyard |
Operators: |
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Preceded by: |
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Succeeded by: |
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Built: | 1976–2004 |
In commission: | 1980–present |
Planned: | 25 |
Completed: | 21 |
Cancelled: | 4 |
Active: | 6 (+2 undergoing overhaul) |
Retired: | 13 |
General characteristics | |
Type: | Guided missile destroyer |
Displacement: | 6,600 tons standard, 8,480 tons full load |
Length: | 156 m (511 ft 10 in) |
Beam: | 17.3 m (56 ft 9 in) |
Draught: | 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in) |
Propulsion: | 2 shaft steam turbines, 4 boilers, 75,000 kW (100,000 hp), 2 fixed propellers, 2 turbo generators,and 2 diesel generators |
Speed: | 32.7 knots (60.6 km/h; 37.6 mph) |
Range: |
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Complement: | 350 |
Sensors and processing systems: |
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Electronic warfare & decoys: | 2 PK-2 decoy dispensers (200 rockets) |
Armament: |
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Aircraft carried: | 1× Ka-27 series helicoper |
Aviation facilities: | Helipad |
The Sovremenny class, Soviet designation Project 956 Sarych (buzzard), is a class of anti-ship and anti-aircraft guided missile destroyers of the Soviet and later Russian Navy. The ships are named after qualities, with 'Sovremenny' translating as 'modern' or 'contemporary'. Most of the ships have been retired from active service and one converted into a museum ship in 2018, but several remain in commission with the Russian Navy. Four modified ships were delivered to the People's Liberation Army Navy, and remain in service.
The Sovremenny class were guided missile destroyers, primarily tasked with anti-ship warfare, while also providing sea and air defense for warships and transports under escort. The class was designed to complement the Udaloy-class destroyers, which were fitted primarily for anti-submarine operations.
- 2Design
- 2.7Sensors
History[edit]
Sovremenny-class destroyer Osmotritelny
The project began in the late 1960s when it was becoming obvious in the Soviet Navy that naval guns still had an important role particularly in support of amphibious landings, but existing gun cruisers and destroyers were showing their age. A new design was started, employing a new 130 mm automatic gun turret. Single and twin mounts were developed, and the twin mount chosen for its superior rate of fire. In 1971 a go-ahead was given for the Severnaya design bureau to design 'a ship capable of supporting amphibious landings'.[1] At the same time, the United States Navy was constructing new large Spruance-class multi-role destroyers. To respond to this new threat, Project 956 was updated with new air defence suite and new, powerful 3M80 anti-ship missiles. Although the Soviet Navy had largely moved to gas turbine propulsion for its new warships, steam turbines were selected instead for Project 956: partly because production of naval gas turbines would have been insufficient for entire program. Lead ship of the class, Sovremenny was laid down in 1976 and commissioned in 1980. A total of 18 were built for the Russian Navy, but currently only 5 remain in service due to lack of funds and trained personnel. Additional 3 ships are ongoing modernization and overhaul and 2 are laid-up in reserve (the table lists 3 in service 2 in reserve and 1 being overhauled and 11 decommissioned + 4 Chinese). All the ships were built by Severnaya Verf 190 St. Petersburg.
These ships have a maximum displacement of 7,940 tons. The ships are 156 metres (511 ft 10 in) in length, with a beam of 17.3 metres (56 ft 9 in) and a draught of 6.5 metres (21 ft 4 in). They are armed with an anti-submarine helicopter, 48 air defence missiles, eight anti-ship missiles, torpedoes, mines, long-range guns and a sophisticated electronic warfare system.
There are a total of three versions of this class: the original Project 956 armed with the 3M80 version of the Moskitanti-ship missile, and its successor, the Project 956A, which is armed with the improved 3M80M version of the Moskit with longer range. The main difference between the two is that the missile launching tubes on Project 956A are longer than that of Project 956 to accommodate the increased size of the newer missile, and these launching tubes can be used to fire / store the original 3M80 as well. A third version, Project 956EM, later developed for the People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force was the latest development of this class. Chinese media called the ship 'carrier killer'.
Design[edit]
Command and control[edit]
The ship's combat systems can use target designation data from the ship's active and passive sensors, from other ships in the fleet, from surveillance aircraft or via a communications link from the ship's helicopter. The multi-channel defence suite is capable of striking several targets simultaneously.
Missiles[edit]
Midships view.
The ship is outfitted with the Raduga Moskitanti-ship missile system with two four-cell launchers installed port and starboard of the forward island and set at an angle about 15°. The ship carries a total of eight Moskit 3M80E missiles, NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn. The missile is sea-skimming with a velocity of Mach 2.5, armed with a 300-kilogram (660 lb) high-explosive or a nuclear 200 kt warhead. The range is from 10 to 120 kilometres (6.2 to 74.6 mi). The launch weight is 4,000 kg (8,800 lb).
Two Shtil surface-to-air missile systems are installed, each on the raised deck behind the twin-barrelled 130 mm guns. Shtil is the export name of the SA-N-7, NATO reporting name Gadfly. (From the 9th ship onwards, same launcher is used for SA-17 Grizzly/SA-N-12 Yezh.) The system uses the ship's three-dimensional circular scan radar for target tracking. Up to three missiles can be aimed simultaneously. The range is up to 30 km (19 mi) against targets with speeds up to 830 metres per second (2,700 ft/s). The ship carries 48 Shtil missiles.
Guns[edit]
Bow view.
The ship's 130-millimetre (5.1 in) guns are the AK-130-MR-184.[2] The system includes a computer control system with electronic and television sighting. The gun can be operated in fully automatic mode from the radar control system, under autonomous control using the turret mounted Kondensor optical sighting system and can also be laid manually. Rate of fire is disputed, but various Russian sources credit the weapon with a cyclic rate of 30–40 rounds per minute per barrel, in line with the French Creusot-Loire 100 mm or the Italian OTO Melara 127 mm/54, but faster than the US Mark 45.
The ship has four six-barreled 30 mm AK-630 auto-cannon systems. The maximum rate of fire is 5,000 rounds/min. Range is up to 4,000 m for low flying anti-ship missiles and 5,000 m for light surface targets. The gun is outfitted with radar and television detection and tracking. The latest Sovremennys carry the Kashtan CIWS system instead of AK-630.
![Blank Uborki Pomescheniya Blank Uborki Pomescheniya](http://observer.materik.ru/pic/blank-dogovora-arendy-jilogo-pomescheniya-9549-large.jpeg)
Anti-submarine systems[edit]
Helicopter pad.
The destroyers have two double 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes and two six-barrel RBU-1000 anti-submarine rocket launchers, with 48 rockets.[2] Range is 1,000 metres (1,100 yd). The rocket is armed with a 55 kg (121 lb) warhead.
Helicopter[edit]
The ship's helicopter pad and telescopic hangar accommodates one Kamov Ka-27 anti-submarine warfare helicopter, NATO codename Helix. The helicopter can operate in conditions up to Sea State 5 and up to 200 km (120 mi) from the host ship.
Countermeasures[edit]
The Project 956 destroyer is fitted with an electronic countermeasures system and carries a store of 200 rockets for the two decoy dispensers, model PK-2.
Sensors[edit]
Radar[edit]
Sovremenny-class destroyer Bezuderzhny underway.
The complete sensor suite and ECM comprises: 3D radar 'Top Steer', replaced later with 'Top Plate' (MR-760), 230 km range vs fighters and 50 km vs missiles and a total of 40 targets can be simultaneously tracked; Mineral system ('Band Stand') to allow the SS-N 22 guidance; 3 navigation and surface control radar MR-201 e 212; 2 'Bass Tilt' (MR-123) for CIWS; 6 'Front Dome'(MR-90) radar for SA-N-7 guidance (a very large arrangement to assure an effective defense against saturation attacks), linked with 3D radar and two SAM launcher (5 missile min each); 1 'Kite Screech' radar for 130 mm (MR-184 Lev). ECM and ESM are many: 2 ESM MR-410 or MP-405; 2 ECM MRP-11M or 12M ('Bell Shroud'), 2 'Bell Squat', 4 'Football B' and one MR-407; 2 PK-2M rocket launchers (140 mm), and 8 PK-10 (120 mm), 2–8 laser warning receiver systems Spektr-F, one Squeeze Box (TV, laser and IR system).
Sonar[edit]
Medium and high frequences (M/HF) MGK-355 Platina integrated sonar system with NATO reporting name Bull Horn, including the MG-335 hull mounted array. Type 956 originally only carries the hull mounted array because the ASW gear of this class is primarily for self-defense. For Type 956A, an improved MGK-355MS Platina is carried, which include hull mounted array, VDS, and towed array, with NATO reporting names Bull Nose / Mare Tail / Steer Hide respectively. It is reported that Type 956EM equipped with the successor of MGK-355/355MS, the MGK-355TA integrated sonar system which includes both the hull mounted and towed arrays (with NATO reporting name Horse Jaw & Horse Tail respectively).
Propulsion[edit]
The ship's propulsion system is based on two steam turbine engines each producing 37,000 kW (50,000 hp) together with four high-pressure boilers. There are two fixed-pitch propellers. The ship's maximum speed is just under 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph). At a fuel-economic speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) the range is 3,920 nautical miles (7,260 km; 4,510 mi). Several ships of this class suffered from problems regarding their propulsion system that were so severe that they had to be retired.[3]
PLAN variants[edit]
The Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force (PLAN) had two modified Sovremenny-class destroyers delivered in December 1999 and November 2000. In 2002, the PLAN ordered two improved versions designated 956-EM. The first vessel was launched in late 2005, while the second was launched in 2006. All four vessels were commissioned to the East Sea Fleet.
On the improved Project 956EM the aft AK-130 main gun was removed. The four AK-630 CIWS were replaced by two sets of Kashtan CIWS short-range air defence gun/missile systems. Each Kashtan system comprises a 3R86E1 command module and two 3R87E combat modules. Each 3R87E combat module has two 30 mm GSh-30k six-barrel automatic guns (range 0.5–4 km (0.31–2.49 mi)) and two SA-N-11 air defence missiles. The missile is armed with a 9 kg (20 lb) warhead and has a range of 1.5–8 km (0.93–4.97 mi). This improved 956EM version is also the first to be armed with the newer version of SS-N-22, which reported has a designation of 3-M80MBE and possibly funded by China (according to Russian sources), and the new missile differs from the older ones mainly in that the range is increased from 120 km (75 mi) to 200 km (120 mi). The air defense software is upgraded to accommodate the newer SA-N-12/SA-17 SAM system, but since China had already joined Russia in developing an even newer successor, it is not clear if SA-N-12/SA-17 has entered Chinese service in large numbers.
In 2006, the extra spheres (painted white as the mid-2006) added atop of the superstructures of the Chinese ships appearing in latest photographs of the Chinese units have shown that these Chinese ships had been upgraded with the domestic HN-900 Data link (Chinese equivalent of Link 11A/B, to be upgraded) and SATCOM (probably the SNTI-240).
From mid-2014, all four Chinese Sovremenny-class destroyers are planned to undergo a midlife upgrade program. Hangzhou is currently undergoing refit with the removal of its original components, and are expected to be replaced with domestic systems. In addition to replacement of electronics and sensors, armament upgrades include replacing the AK-130 with the longer-range H/PJ38 130mm cannon, the replacement of 3M80E Moskit anti-ship missiles with YJ-12A supersonic missiles, and swapping two launchers for 48 SA-N-12 SAMs with 2–3 sets of 8-cell vertical launch systems totaling 32–48 cells for HQ-16C or HQ-9 anti-aircraft missiles, YJ-18 anti-ship missiles, and CJ-10 cruise missiles.[4][5]
- Project cost: 600 million US$ (mid-1990s price) was the price paid for Project 956A (two ships), and 1.4 billion US$ (early-2000's price) for Project 956EM (two ships).[6][7]
- The third Sovremenny-class destroyer sold to China was delivered in December 2005.
- The newest version has updated its close-defense systems.
- The rear main gun has been removed from the latest version.
Ships[edit]
Nastoychivy (DD 610) underway in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Ventspils, Latvia (2005).
Overhead view of Stoykiy.
Chinese destroyer Ningbo (139)
Name | Namesake | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fleet | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russian Navy | ||||||
Sovremennyy | Modern | 3 March 1976 | 18 November 1978 | 25 December 1980 | Northern | Decommissioned in 1998 |
Otchayannyy | Reckless | 1 March 1977 | 29 March 1980 | 30 September 1982 | Northern | Decommissioned in 1998 |
Otlichnyy | Excellent | 22 April 1978 | 21 March 1981 | 30 September 1983 | Northern | Decommissioned in 1998 |
Osmotritelnyy | Circumspect | 27 October 1978 | 24 April 1982 | 30 September 1984 | Pacific | Decommissioned in 1998 |
Bezuprechnyy | Impeccable | 29 January 1981 | 25 July 1983 | 6 November 1985 | Northern | Decommissioned in 2001 |
Boevoy | Militant | 26 March 1982 | 4 August 1984 | 28 September 1986 | Pacific | Decommissioned in 2010 |
Stoykiy | Steadfast | 28 September 1982 | 27 July 1985 | 31 December 1986 | Pacific | Decommissioned in 1998 |
Okrylyonnyy | Winged | 16 April 1983 | 31 May 1986 | 30 December 1987 | Northern | Decommissioned in 1998 |
Burnyy | Impetuous | 4 November 1983 | 30 December 1986 | 30 September 1988 | Pacific | Undergoing overhaul[8] |
Gremyashchiy (ex-Veduschiy) | Thunderous | 23 November 1984 | 30 May 1987 | 30 December 1988 | Northern | Decommissioned in 2006 |
Bystryy | Quick | 29 October 1985 | 28 November 1987 | 30 September 1989 | Pacific | Active |
Rastoropnyy | Prompt | 15 August 1986 | 4 June 1988 | 30 December 1989 | Northern | Decommissioned in 2012 |
Bezboyaznennyy | Fearless | 8 January 1987 | 18 February 1989 | 28 December 1990 | Pacific | Decommissioned in 2016 |
Gremyashchiy (ex-Bezuderzhnyy) | Thunderous | 24 February 1987 | 30 September 1989 | 25 June 1991 | Northern | Decommissioned in 2013 |
Bespokoynyy | Restless | 18 April 1987 | 9 June 1990 | 28 December 1991 | Baltic | Decommissioned in 2018, museum ship in Kronstadt[9] |
Nastoychivyy (ex-Moskovskiy Komsomolets) | Persistent | 7 April 1988 | 19 January 1991 | 30 December 1992 | Baltic | Undergoing overhaul[10] |
Admiral Ushakov (ex-Besstrashnyy) | Fyodor Ushakov (ex-Fearless) | 6 May 1988 | 28 December 1991 | 30 December 1993 | Northern | Active |
People's Liberation Army Navy | ||||||
Hangzhou (ex-Vazhnyy) | City of Hangzhou | 4 November 1988 | 27 May 1994 | 25 December 1999 | East Sea | Active |
Fuzhou (ex-Vdumchivyy) | City of Fuzhou | 22 April 1989 | 16 April 1999 | 20 November 2000 | East Sea | Active |
Taizhou (ex-Vnushitelnyy) | either of two cities | 3 July 2002 | 27 April 2004 | 28 December 2005 | East Sea | Active |
Ningbo (ex-Vechnyy) | City of Ningbo | 15 November 2002 | 23 July 2004 | 27 September 2006 | East Sea | Active |
China reportedly also holds the option to purchase an additional two Project 956EM in the future, but this now seems unlikely with the decision to proceed with the development of the Type 052 destroyer in 2005.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'956 Sovremenny class'. warfare.be. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ ab'Sovremenny Class - Project 956'. fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23.
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- ^'Project 956 (Sovremenny Class) Missile Destroyer'. SinoDefence. Archived from the original on 2006-08-22. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sovremennyy-class destroyer. |
- http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=100188 – page on these ships (in Russian)
- Sovremenny at home19.inet.tele.dk
- Project 956 (Sovremenny) Forecast International
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